Most Read Papers - Infectious Disease

In individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), persistent low-level viraemia not attributed to suboptimal ART adherence, detrimental pharmacological interactions, or drug resistance is referred to as non-suppressible viraemia (NSV). This Review presents recent findings in the virological characterisation of NSV, revealing that it consists of one or a few identical populations of plasma viruses without signs of evolution. This finding suggests that NSV originates from virus production by expanded HIV-infected cell clones, reflecting the persistence of the HIV reservoir despite ART...

SUMMARYFungal infections are on the rise, driven by a growing population at risk and climate change. Currently available antifungals include only five classes, and their utility and efficacy in antifungal treatment are limited by one or more of innate or acquired resistance in some fungi, poor penetration into "sequestered" sites, and agent-specific side effect which require frequent patient reassessment and monitoring. Agents with novel mechanisms, favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles including good oral bioavailability, and fungicidal mechanism(s) are urgently needed...

Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) is among the most frequently prescribed antibiotics globally. It has broad antibacterial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, and has been utilized to treat infections caused by a broad range of pathogens. AMC breakpoints against Enterobacterales were initially set in the 1980s but since then increases in antibiotic resistance, advances in pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses, and publication of additional clinical data prompted a reassessment by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The aetiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is heterogenous and overlaps with that of several comorbidities like atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, valvular heart disease, iron deficiency, or sarcopenia. The diagnosis of HFpEF involves evaluating cardiac dysfunction through imaging techniques and assessing increased left ventricular filling pressure, which can be measured directly or estimated through various proxies including natriuretic peptides. To better narrow down the differential diagnosis of HFpEF, European and American heart failure guidelines advocate the use of different algorithms including comorbidities that require diagnosis and rigorous treatment during the evaluation process...

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification to categorize patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) as low- or high-risk for metastatic infection may direct diagnostic evaluation and enable personalized management. We investigated the frequency of metastatic infections in low-risk SAB patients, their clinical relevance, and whether omission of routine imaging is associated with worse outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study in seven Dutch hospitals among adult patients with low-risk SAB, defined as hospital-acquired infection without treatment delay, absence of prosthetic material, short duration of bacteremia, and rapid defervescence...

BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a common but under-diagnosed cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although rapid detection of urine antigen testing (UAT) and advances in molecular testing have improved the diagnosis. LD entails intensive care unit (ICU) admission in almost one-third of cases, and the mortality rate ranges from 4% to 40%. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the study of this condition and to provide an update on the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of severe LD...

IMPORTANCE: Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in secondary care, but effectiveness in placebo-controlled studies and community settings has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether d-mannose taken for 6 months reduces the proportion of women with recurrent UTI experiencing a medically attended UTI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-group, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial took place across 99 primary care centers in the UK...

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a significant contributor to acute kidney injury and can be attributed to a variety of factors, including but not limited to allergens or drugs, infections, autoimmune or systemic diseases, and idiopathic forms of the disease. In some cases, AIN requires a therapeutic action according to a single specific etiology by handling the offending agent and applying an immunosuppressant. Although AIN can be diagnosed through renal biopsy, it is not able to pinpoint the precise cause when multiple causes are suspected to be present simultaneously...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are a major public health threat due to the limited therapeutic options available. The introduction of the new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs) has, however, altered the treatment options for such pathogens. Thus, four new BL/BLI combinations-namely, ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, imipenem/relebactam, and ceftolozane/tazobactam-have been approved for infections attributed to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Emerging and re-emerging central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major public health concern in the tropics. The reasons for this are myriad; climate change, rainfall, deforestation, increased vector density combined with poverty, poor sanitation and hygiene. This review focuses on pathogens, which have emerged and re-emerged, with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, multiple acute encephalitis outbreaks have been caused Nipah, which carries a high case fatality...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in the general population consulting for routine STIs in our Marseille public hospital. In fact, recent worldwide MPXV outbreak, mainly impacted men who have sex with men (MSM) and the prevalence of MPXV infections in the general population remains poorly defined. METHODS: All samples addressed routinely to our microbiological laboratory for STIs between 1 July and 15 October 2022 were screened with MPXV-specific qPCR...

High patient volume in fellowship programs can affect learning, wellness, and patient outcomes. Training programs must find ways to mitigate high consultation volume to protect the learning environment. This survey describes average new consults and average censuses for infectious diseases training programs and strategies implemented to mitigate high volume.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common complications in people with neurogenic bladder. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are challenging for several reasons, including a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and catheter use, frequent ambiguous nonlocalizing signs and symptoms, increased risk for complications and difficult-to-treat pathogens, and a lack of effective preventative methods. Current research aims to improve elicitation and evaluation of signs and symptoms, implement algorithms to avoid urine cultures in asymptomatic patients and use appropriate antibiotics for UTI, and identify novel effective prevention methods...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcal bacteremia is associated with high mortality. The study aims to identify predictors of mortality among patients with streptococcal bacteremia. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland and included episodes of streptococcal bacteremia among adult patients from 2015 to 2023. RESULTS: During the study period, 861 episodes of streptococcal bacteremia were included...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.