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*If a pulmonary vein has not been entered the arterial saturation (SAO2) may be substituted, provided that there is no right to left shunt.
The magnitude of an inra- or extracardiac shunt can be estimated by flow ratio between the pulmonary and systemic circulation (Qp/Qs) using hemodynamic data.
Consideration should be made to close shunts with flow rates > 1.5 if no contraindications exist.
References
Sanders SP, et al. Measurement of systemic and pulmonary blood flow and Qp/Qs ratio using Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J. Cardiol, 51:952, 1983.
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Oh J, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. The Echo Manual 3rd edition. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. 2007
Kern MJ. The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook 4th Edition. Mosby 2003
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