SI
Imperial
General Calculators
Addiction Medicine
Anesthesiology
Gupta Perioperative Cardiac RiskDetermine peri-operative risk for a wide array of surgeries.Postoperative Respiratory Failure Risk CalculatorEstimate risk of postoperative respiratory failure
Airway & Respiratory
BMI
Cardiac Surgery
Clinical Status Assessment
Intraoperative Monitoring
Obstetrical Anesthesia
Preoperative Assessment
ACC/AHA CV Risk Calculator (2013)Estimate 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseRevised Cardiac Risk Index (Lee Criteria)Rapid pre-op assessment using the Revised Cardiac Risk IndexAsymptomatic ICA (Internal Carotid Artery) Stenosis Surgical Risk StratificationGupta Perioperative Cardiac RiskDetermine peri-operative risk for a wide variety of surgeriesPostoperative Respiratory Failure Risk CalculatorEstimate risk of postoperative respiratory failureVSGNE Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (RAAA) Risk ScoreEstimate mortality after open repair of ruptured AAAPre-test probability of CAD (CAD consortium)Determine pre-test probability of coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain.Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Carotid EndarterectomyEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | EVAREstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after EVARVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Infra-inguinal BypassEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after infra-inguinal bypassVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Open AAA RepairEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after open AAA repairVQI: Respiratory Adverse Event Risk Post Vascular SurgeryEstimate the risk of pneumonia or respiratory failure after vascular surgeryVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) 30-Day Stroke Risk Index for CEAEstimate risk of stroke within 30 days after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) 1-Year Mortality Risk Index for CEAEstimate probability of death within 1 year after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Suprainguinal BypassEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after suprainguinal bypassGeriatric-Sensitive Perioperative Cardiac Risk Index | GSCRIEstimate risk of perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest in patients over 65ASA Physical StatusClassification system for assessing the fitness of patients before surgeryPEN-FAST - Penicillin Allergy Risk ToolClinical decision rule for point-of-care risk assessment of patient-reported penicillin allergies.
COVID-19
ROX Index to Predict Risk of IntubationPredict risk of intubation at 2, 6 and 12 hours in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Not yet validated for COVID-19COVID-19 Prognostic ToolEstimate mortality rates in patients with COVID-19. Adapted from CDC materials.COVID-19 Ventilation ProtocolAdapted from an algorithm developed by The Toronto Centre of Excellence in Mechanical Ventilation (CoEMV)COVID-19 Critical Illness Prediction Tool (COVID-GRAM)Predict occurrence of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
REFERENCE BOOK
Guidance on Autopsy in COVID-19 with FAQ
REFERENCE BOOK
COVID-19: Triage, Diagnosis and Management
Symptoms and Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) FAQ
What are the signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are the signs and symptoms of severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?How is mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed?Who is at risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?How is severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed?How is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) managed in patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?How are acute cardiac complications managed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?Which drugs are effective for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of the antiviral drug remdesivir in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of the antivirals lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of the antiviral drug rintatolimod in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of the antiviral drug plitidepsin in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of the antiviral drug favipiravir in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of azithromycin in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of corticosteroids (such as methylprednisolone) in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of convalescent plasma in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is the status of nitric oxide in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?References
Diagnostics for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients
What is the incubation period for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are complications of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?Medscape COVID-19 ResourcesReferencesWhat is the range of illness severity of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are the signs and symptoms of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What is known about asymptomatic and presymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?What is known about asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?What is the clinical progression of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are risk factors for severe illness in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What data are available about reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?Are patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at risk for hypercoagulability?What are common laboratory findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are common radiologic findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What diagnostic test is used to detect coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?Is antibody testing recommended for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection?What are the patient categories for viral testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?What testing is recommended for persons with signs or symptoms consistent with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What testing is recommended for asymptomatic individuals with known or suspected exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to control transmission?What testing is recommended for asymptomatic individuals without known or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure for early identification in special settings?What testing is recommended to determine resolution of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?What does public health surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) involve?What is the testing procedure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What are general guidelines for specimens of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Triage Precautions FAQ
What are the first steps for patients presenting with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?What precautions should be taken by healthcare providers regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients?What precautions should be taken when performing procedures on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients?References
Cardiac Surgery
Cardiology
Aortic Disease
Aortic Stenosis/Outflow
Arrhythmia
Atrial Fibrillation
Bleeding Risk
Coronary Artery Disease
ECG
Echocardiography
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Frailty
Heart Failure
Hypertension
Invasive Hemodynamics
Ischemic Stroke
Miscellaneous
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Stenosis
PCI and Cardiac Surgery
Pre-operative Assessment
Risk Scores
Shunts
Syncope
Treadmill Testing
Vascular Quality Initiative Tools
Critical Care
Cardiac ICU
Cardiac Output - FickCalculate cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and stroke volume indexKillip ClassEstimate mortality in myocardial infarctionTIMI Risk Score (NSTEMI)Guide therapeutic decisions in non-ST elevation MI. Shunt Fraction (Invasive)TIMI Risk Score (STEMI)Systemic Vascular ResistanceGRACEThe GRACE ACS risk calculator estimates risk of death following acute coronary syndrome (ACS)Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Calculate MAP
REFERENCE BOOK
KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury
Sponsored
AKI Definition Prevention and Treatment of AKI Contrast-induced AKI Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Introduction and Methodology
Introduction
IntroductionGlomerular filtration rate and serum creatinineOliguria and anuriaAcute tubular necrosis (ATN)ARFRIFLE criteriaAKI: acute kidney injury/impairmentValidation studies using RIFLELimitations to current definitions for AKIRationale for a guideline on AKISummary
Methodology
IntroductionGroup member selection and meeting processEvidence selection, appraisal, and presentationOutcome selection judgments, values, and preferencesGrading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendationsSPONSORSHIPDISCLAIMERSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
AKI Definition
Definition and classification of AKI
IntroductionDefinition of AKIStaging AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary materialRisk assessmentIntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Evaluation and general management of patients with and at risk for AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch recommendationsSupplementary material
Clinical applications
IntroductionExamples of application of AKI definitionsEstimating baseline SCrExamples of application of AKI stagesUrine output vs. SCrTimeframe for diagnosis and stagingClinical judgmentPseudo-AKIAtypical AKISupplementary material
Diagnostic approach to alterations in kidney function and structure
Definitions of AKI, CKD and AKDGFR and SCrGFR/SCr algorithmOliguria as a measure of kidney functionKidney damageSmall kidneys as a marker of kidney damageIntegrated approach to AKI, AKD, and CKDSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Prevention and Treatment of AKI
Hemodynamic monitoring and support for prevention and management of AKI
IntroductionFluids: Recommendations and RationaleAlbumin vs. SalineHydroxyethylstarch vs. SalineVasopressors: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized Hemodynamic Management: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized hemodynamic management strategies in septic shockGoal-directed therapy for hemodynamic support during the perioperative period in high-risk surgical patientsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
General supportive management of patients with AKI, including management of complications
Overview
Glycemic control and nutritional support
Glycemic control in critical illness: Recommendations and RationaleNutritional aspects in the prevention and treatment of critically ill patients with AKITotal Energy Intake: Recommendations and RationaleProtein Intake: Recommendations and RationaleNutrition route: Recommendations and RationalePediatrics ConsiderationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
The use of diuretics in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleMannitolResearch Recommendations
Vasodilator therapy: dopamine, fenoldopam, and natriuretic peptides
Dopamine for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsNatriuretic peptides for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Growth factor intervention
Recombinant Human (rh) IGF-1: Recommendations and RationaleErythropoietinResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Adenosine receptor antagonists
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Prevention of aminoglycoside- and amphotericin-related AKI
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityTreatment of Infections: Recommendations and RationalePatients with Normal Kidney Function in Steady State: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Multiple Daily Dosing is Used for More than 24 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Single-Daily Dosing is Used for More than 48 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleTopical or Local Applications of Aminoglycosides: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsAmphotericin B nephrotoxicity: Recommendations and RationaleTreatment of Systemic Mycoses or Parasitic Infections: Recommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Other methods of prevention of AKI in the critically ill
On-pump vs. off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsN-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC): Recommendations and RationaleNAC in critically ill patients: Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary Material
Contrast-induced AKI
Contrast-induced AKI: definition, epidemiology, and prognosis
BackgroundRecommendations and RationaleEpidemiology of CI-AKIPrognosis of CI-AKIResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Assessment of the population at risk for CI-AKI
Recommendations and RationaleRisk-factor questionnaireUrinary protein screeningOther risk factors of CI-AKIRisk models of CI-AKIPatients at Increased Risk for CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleNephrotoxicity of Gd chelatesNephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)Supplementary Material
Nonpharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
IntroductionDose/Volume of Contrast-Media Administration: Recommendations and RationaleRoute of administration of contrast mediaResearch RecommendationsSelection of a Contrast Agent: Recommendations and RationaleHigh-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast mediaLow-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar contrast mediai.a. Iodixanol vs. ioxaglatei.v. AdministrationResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Pharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
Fluid Administration: Recommendations and RationaleUse of oral fluids alone in patients at increased risk of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleRole of nac in the prevention of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleTheophylline: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam: Recommendations and RationaleStatins in the prevention of CI-AKISupplementary Material
Effects of hemodialysis or hemofiltration
Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Timing of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Criteria for stopping renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionWhen to discontinue RRT: Recommendations and RationaleUse of diuretics: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch Recommendations
Anticoagulation
IntroductionHow to decide to use anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients without an increased bleeding risk or impaired coagulation and not already receiving effective systemic anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients with increased bleeding risk who are not receiving anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationaleIn patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Vascular access for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionUncuffed nontunneled dialysis catheter vs a tunneled catheter: Recommendations and RationaleWhen choosing a vein for insertion of a dialysis catheter in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleUsing ultrasound guidance for dialysis catheter insertion: Recommendations and RationaleObtaining a chest radiograph promptly after placement and before first use of an internal jugular or subclavian dialysis catheter: Recommendations and RationaleTopical antibiotics: Recommendations and RationaleAntibiotic locks: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dialyzer membranes for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Modality of renal replacement therapy for patients with AKI
IntroductionComplementary therapies in AKI patients: Recommendations and RationaleHemodynamically unstable patients: Recommendations and RationaleAKI patients with acute brain injury or other causes of increased intracranial pressure or generalized brain edema: Recommendations and RationaleProtocols for decreasing hemodynamic instability with intermittent RRTPeritoneal dialysisPediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Buffer solutions for renal replacement therapy in patients with AKI
IntroductionBuffer solution: Recommendations and RationaleDialysis fluids and replacement fluids in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dose of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionDosing: Recommendations and RationaleKt/V and Effluent Volume Rates: Recommendations and RationaleAdditional considerationsResearch RecommendationsSponsorshipDislcaimerSupplementary material
Organization and Acknowledgements
NoticeWork Group MembershipKDIGO Board MembersReference KeysAbbreviations and AcronymsAbstractForewordBiographic and Disclosure InformationAcknowledgmentsReferences
General Medicine
ICU AKI
APACHE IIEstimate mortality in the critically illContrast Nephropathy Post-PCIEstimate risk of AKI after percutaneous coronary interventionDialysis Risk After Cardiac Surgery (Cleveland Clinic Score by Thakar)Estimate risk of dialysis after cardiac surgery.Dialysis Risk After Cardiac Surgery (Mehta)Estimate the risk of dialysis after cardiac surgery (Mehta model)Fractional Excretion of SodiumDifferentiate pre-renal AKI from ATN.Fractional Excretion of UreaIdentify a pre-renal state in patients using diureticsSequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)Document clinical severity in the ICU and predict mortalityPediatric Renal Angina IndexPredict acute kidney injury in critically ill childrenSTARRT-AKI Enrollment CriteriaDetermine if patients meet criteria for the STARRT-AKI study.Kinetic eGFR (KeGFR)Estimate GFR when creatinine is changing acutely (either rising or falling)PIM2Paediatric Index of Mortality, revised versionSerious Renal Dysfunction Post-PCIAssess risk of dialysis or severe increase in creatinine after PCICRRT Dosing CalculatorCalculate desired dose of dialysate in CRRTKDIGO AKI StagingClassification in acute kidney injury (AKI)
REFERENCE BOOK
KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury
Sponsored
AKI Definition Prevention and Treatment of AKI Contrast-induced AKI Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Introduction and Methodology
Introduction
IntroductionGlomerular filtration rate and serum creatinineOliguria and anuriaAcute tubular necrosis (ATN)ARFRIFLE criteriaAKI: acute kidney injury/impairmentValidation studies using RIFLELimitations to current definitions for AKIRationale for a guideline on AKISummary
Methodology
IntroductionGroup member selection and meeting processEvidence selection, appraisal, and presentationOutcome selection judgments, values, and preferencesGrading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendationsSPONSORSHIPDISCLAIMERSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
AKI Definition
Definition and classification of AKI
IntroductionDefinition of AKIStaging AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary materialRisk assessmentIntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Evaluation and general management of patients with and at risk for AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch recommendationsSupplementary material
Clinical applications
IntroductionExamples of application of AKI definitionsEstimating baseline SCrExamples of application of AKI stagesUrine output vs. SCrTimeframe for diagnosis and stagingClinical judgmentPseudo-AKIAtypical AKISupplementary material
Diagnostic approach to alterations in kidney function and structure
Definitions of AKI, CKD and AKDGFR and SCrGFR/SCr algorithmOliguria as a measure of kidney functionKidney damageSmall kidneys as a marker of kidney damageIntegrated approach to AKI, AKD, and CKDSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Prevention and Treatment of AKI
Hemodynamic monitoring and support for prevention and management of AKI
IntroductionFluids: Recommendations and RationaleAlbumin vs. SalineHydroxyethylstarch vs. SalineVasopressors: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized Hemodynamic Management: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized hemodynamic management strategies in septic shockGoal-directed therapy for hemodynamic support during the perioperative period in high-risk surgical patientsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
General supportive management of patients with AKI, including management of complications
Overview
Glycemic control and nutritional support
Glycemic control in critical illness: Recommendations and RationaleNutritional aspects in the prevention and treatment of critically ill patients with AKITotal Energy Intake: Recommendations and RationaleProtein Intake: Recommendations and RationaleNutrition route: Recommendations and RationalePediatrics ConsiderationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
The use of diuretics in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleMannitolResearch Recommendations
Vasodilator therapy: dopamine, fenoldopam, and natriuretic peptides
Dopamine for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsNatriuretic peptides for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Growth factor intervention
Recombinant Human (rh) IGF-1: Recommendations and RationaleErythropoietinResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Adenosine receptor antagonists
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Prevention of aminoglycoside- and amphotericin-related AKI
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityTreatment of Infections: Recommendations and RationalePatients with Normal Kidney Function in Steady State: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Multiple Daily Dosing is Used for More than 24 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Single-Daily Dosing is Used for More than 48 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleTopical or Local Applications of Aminoglycosides: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsAmphotericin B nephrotoxicity: Recommendations and RationaleTreatment of Systemic Mycoses or Parasitic Infections: Recommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Other methods of prevention of AKI in the critically ill
On-pump vs. off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsN-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC): Recommendations and RationaleNAC in critically ill patients: Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary Material
Contrast-induced AKI
Contrast-induced AKI: definition, epidemiology, and prognosis
BackgroundRecommendations and RationaleEpidemiology of CI-AKIPrognosis of CI-AKIResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Assessment of the population at risk for CI-AKI
Recommendations and RationaleRisk-factor questionnaireUrinary protein screeningOther risk factors of CI-AKIRisk models of CI-AKIPatients at Increased Risk for CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleNephrotoxicity of Gd chelatesNephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)Supplementary Material
Nonpharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
IntroductionDose/Volume of Contrast-Media Administration: Recommendations and RationaleRoute of administration of contrast mediaResearch RecommendationsSelection of a Contrast Agent: Recommendations and RationaleHigh-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast mediaLow-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar contrast mediai.a. Iodixanol vs. ioxaglatei.v. AdministrationResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Pharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
Fluid Administration: Recommendations and RationaleUse of oral fluids alone in patients at increased risk of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleRole of nac in the prevention of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleTheophylline: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam: Recommendations and RationaleStatins in the prevention of CI-AKISupplementary Material
Effects of hemodialysis or hemofiltration
Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Timing of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Criteria for stopping renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionWhen to discontinue RRT: Recommendations and RationaleUse of diuretics: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch Recommendations
Anticoagulation
IntroductionHow to decide to use anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients without an increased bleeding risk or impaired coagulation and not already receiving effective systemic anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients with increased bleeding risk who are not receiving anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationaleIn patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Vascular access for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionUncuffed nontunneled dialysis catheter vs a tunneled catheter: Recommendations and RationaleWhen choosing a vein for insertion of a dialysis catheter in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleUsing ultrasound guidance for dialysis catheter insertion: Recommendations and RationaleObtaining a chest radiograph promptly after placement and before first use of an internal jugular or subclavian dialysis catheter: Recommendations and RationaleTopical antibiotics: Recommendations and RationaleAntibiotic locks: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dialyzer membranes for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Modality of renal replacement therapy for patients with AKI
IntroductionComplementary therapies in AKI patients: Recommendations and RationaleHemodynamically unstable patients: Recommendations and RationaleAKI patients with acute brain injury or other causes of increased intracranial pressure or generalized brain edema: Recommendations and RationaleProtocols for decreasing hemodynamic instability with intermittent RRTPeritoneal dialysisPediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Buffer solutions for renal replacement therapy in patients with AKI
IntroductionBuffer solution: Recommendations and RationaleDialysis fluids and replacement fluids in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dose of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionDosing: Recommendations and RationaleKt/V and Effluent Volume Rates: Recommendations and RationaleAdditional considerationsResearch RecommendationsSponsorshipDislcaimerSupplementary material
Organization and Acknowledgements
NoticeWork Group MembershipKDIGO Board MembersReference KeysAbbreviations and AcronymsAbstractForewordBiographic and Disclosure InformationAcknowledgmentsReferences
Illness Severity
Medical ICU
Neurologic ICU
Respiratory ICU
Sepsis
Trauma
Emergency
Airway
Burns
Chest Pain & Cardiac
Infarct Size - AnteriorEstimate infarct size in anterior MIInfarct Size - InferiorEstimate infarct size in inferior MIHEART Score | Chest pain in the ERRisk stratify patients with chest pain in the ERKillip ClassEstimate mortality in myocardial infarctionTIMI Risk Score (NSTEMI)Guide therapeutic decisions in non-ST elevation MI. TIMI Risk Score (STEMI)GRACEThe GRACE ACS risk calculator estimates risk of death following acute coronary syndrome (ACS)Pre-test probability of CAD (CAD consortium)Determine pre-test probability of coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain.ADviSED - Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score Plus D-Dimer for Aortic SyndromesRule out aortic dissection and other aortic syndromesSmith-Modified Sgarbossa’s Criteria for MI in Left Bundle Branch BlockDiagnose acute MI in patients with known LBBB Sgarbossa’s Criteria for MI in Left Bundle Branch BlockAllows for the diagnosis of acute MI in patients with known LBBB Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade (EHMRG)Risk stratify patients with acutely decompensated heart failureBrugada Criteria for Ventricular TachycardiaECG criteria to help differentiate ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia. FAINT Score in Syncope Identify low-risk patients 60 years or older presenting with syncopeEmergency Department Detection of Chest Pain Score (EDACS)Identifies chest pain patients at low-risk for major adverse cardiac eventsTroponin-only Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (TMACS) Decision AidIdentify chest pain patients at low-risk for major adverse cardiac eventsSWAP Score for Out of Hospital Cardiac ArrestPredicts which patients with OHCA will have poor neurologic recoverysPESI | simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity IndexEstimate risk of 30-day mortality in patients with acute PE
General Medicine
ECG: Heart RateA-a GradientUsed to determine cause of hypoxemiaAnion GapCalculate anion gap for workup of acid-base disordersCHADS2 Score for AFAssess risk of stroke in atrial fibrillationCHA2DS2-VASc Score for AFReplacement for CHADS2 for stroke prediction in atrial fibrillationChild Pugh ScoreDetermine severity and estimate mortality in cirrhosisECG: Corrected QTCalculate the corrected QT intervalECG: Cycle LengthFractional Excretion of SodiumDifferentiate pre-renal AKI from ATN.MDRD eGFRCalculate eGFR using the MDRD formulaPrognosis after TIPSS using MELD ScoreOsmolal GapDetect unmeasured osmoles, such as toxic alcoholsPeak Expiratory Flow PredictionPneumonia risk (CURB-65)Estimate prognosis and determine disposition in community-acquired pneumonia. Not yet validated in COVID-19Ranson's CriteriaEstimate mortality in patients with pancreatitis. Water Deficit in HypernatremiaDetermine water replacement in hypernatremiaCanadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS)Estimate prognosis among patients presenting to emergency with syncopeROSIER scaleDetermine which patients are likely to have true stroke vs stroke mimicsModified Early Warning Score (MEWS)Identify patients who are at risk of clinical deterioration and who may require a higher level of care.Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Calculate MAPCentor Score (modified) for GAS PharyngitisEstimate likelihood of GAS pharyngitisMaintenance Fluid CalculationsDetermine maintenance IV fluid ratesOttawa chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk scale (OCRS)Guide admission vs discharge in COPD exacerbationLight's CriteriaDetermine whether a pleural effusion is exudative or transudativeMcMahon Rhabdomyolysis Risk ScorePredict the risk of severe acute kidney injury or mortality in patients with rhabdomyolysisKocher Criteria for Septic ArthritisDetermine risk of septic arthritis in a child with an inflamed hipShock IndexA more sensitive quotient for circulatory shock than vital signs aloneAcute Gout Diagnosis RuleClinical decision tool to assist in the diagnosis of acute goutSodium Correction Rate for HyponatremiaRate of fluid administration in correction of hyponatremiaIV Drip Rate CalculatorAssistance in calculating accurate rates of medication administrationPEN-FAST - Penicillin Allergy Risk ToolClinical decision rule for point-of-care risk assessment of patient-reported penicillin allergies.sPESI | simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity IndexEstimate risk of 30-day mortality in patients with acute PECCS Angina Class
Injuries & Trauma
Pediatrics ER
Psychiatry
Sepsis
Surgery
Thrombosis
Endocrinology
Diabetes
FINDRISC Diabetes Risk CalculatorEstimate risk of developing diabetes and frequency of screening required.Reducing Vascular Risk in Patients Living with DiabetesDetermine which patients with diabetes require vascular protective therapyPhysical Activity Decision Tool for Patients Living with DiabetesAssess your patient's physical ability and level of motivation to start and/or progress through a physical activity program.Individualizing Your Patient's A1c TargetDetermine a patient-specific A1C target recommendationSelf-Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG)Determine frequency of blood glucose monitoringScreening For And Diagnosing Diabetes - A1c and Fasting Plasma GlucoseDetermine risk of developing diabetes and frequency of screening requiredPharmacotherapy for Type 2 DiabetesDetermine which type 2 diabetes medications are recommended based on patient characteristics.Screening For And Diagnosing Diabetes - 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)Determine risk of developing diabetes and frequency of screening requiredScreening For And Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)Assess for gestational diabetes mellitusDiabetes Risk Score (Type 2)Calculate risk of developing T2DMOptimizing Care in Diabetic Kidney DiseaseEnsure application of evidence-based care in diabetic kidney disease (DKD)
Sponsored
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes | CTFPHC
Electrolytes
Lipids
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Thyroid disease & cancer
Gastroenterology
Diarrhea
GI Bleed
Gastrointestinal cancer
Hepatology
Autoimmune Hepatitis DiagnosisClarify the diagnose of autoimmune hepatitisChild Pugh ScoreDetermine severity and estimate mortality in cirrhosisDiscriminant Function (Alcoholic Hepatitis)Emory Model (TIPSS)Prognosis after TIPSS using MELD ScorePrognosis in Alcoholic HepatitisEstimates prognosis in alcoholic hepatitis using the MELD scorePELD Score - Age Younger Than 12 yearsPELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) is used for liver allocation in the OPTN match systemAlcohol Addiction Risk of RelapseAlcohol Relapse Risk after Liver TransplantSerum Ascites to Albumin Gradient (SAAG)Determine if ascites due to portal hypertension.FIB-4 for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Hepatic FibrosisNon-invasively identify hepatic fibrosisAPRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index)Assess likelihood of fibrosis or cirrhosis non-invasively using AST and platelet count.NAFLD Fibrosis ScoreReduce the need for liver biopsy by identifying patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease likely or unlikely to have advanced fibrosisMELD Score - Age above 12 yearsScoring system used to rank prioritize candidates for liver transplantation, including MELD-Na used in the OPTN match systemAlcohol Relapse Risk after Liver TransplantMELD Score - Age above 12 yearsScoring system used to rank prioritize candidates for liver transplantation, including MELD-Na used in the OPTN match systemPELD Score - Age Younger Than 12 yearsPELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) is used for liver allocation in the OPTN match systemUKELD ScoreThe United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (UKELD) predicts prognosis in chronic liver disease and can be used to prioritize for liver transplantationLille Model for Alcoholic HepatitisEstimate mortality in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis not responding to corticosteroid therapy BE3A ScoreWhen to treat HCV in decompensated cirrhosisHepatocellular Carcinoma TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Pancreatitis
Geriatrics
Predicting 3 Year Survival for Incident Elderly ESRD PatientsDetermine appropriateness for transplant referral in elderly patients starting dialysis
Cardiac & Cerebrovascular
Depression
Frailty
General Medicine
Geriatric Psychiatry
Kidney Disease
Neurocognitive Disorder
Hematology
Benign Hematology
DVT Clinical Probability (Well's)Determine pretest probability of DVT to guide workupPulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI)Predict outcome in patients with pulmonary embolismHIT 4T's scoreDiagnose heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.PE Clinical ProbabilityDetermine pretest probability of PE to guide workupRecognize Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Sponsored ContentIdentify Type of Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Sponsored ContentPERC Rule for Pulmonary EmbolismUse the PERC rule to rule out PE if no criteria are present and pre-test probability is <15%.Expected spleen size Provides upper limit of normal for spleen length and volume by ultrasound relative to body height and gender. Padua Prediction Score for Risk of VTEEstimate risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patientsKhorana risk scoreEstimate risk of chemotherapy-associated thrombosisPORT score for PeriOperative Risk of blood Transfusion in cardiac surgery by ACTAPredict risk of blood transfusion after elective cardiac surgery using the ACTA-PORT scoreIdentify Type of Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Sponsored by Alexion PharmaceuticalsRecognise Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Sponsored by Alexion PharmaceuticalsAbsolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)Determine ANC to assess risk of opportunistic infectionEstimated Blood Volume Blood volume estimate based on patient weight and demographicsDIC ScoreAssess likelihood of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)Plasmic Score for TTPPredict ADAMTS13 deficiency in suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) with high discrimination.sPESI | simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity IndexEstimate risk of 30-day mortality in patients with acute PE
Body Surface Area
Malignant Hematology
CMML Prognostic Scoring Systems (from Spain and Dusseldorf)Assess risk of progression to AML and early mortality in CMMLDiffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Prognosis (R-IPI)Determine prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaFollicular Lymphoma prognosisDetermine prognosis in follicular lymphoma (FLIPI)Acute GVHD GradingDetermine severity in acute graft versus host disease.Hodgkin's Disease | PrognosisEstimate prognosis in Hodgkin's disease.Hematopoietic cell transplantation - specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI)MDS Revised - International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R)Assess mortality and progression to acute myeloid leukemia in myelodysplastic syndromeHodgkin's Marrow InvolvementEstimate likelihood of bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin's lymphoma.MDS International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS)Determine prognosis in myelodysplastic sydnromeMultiple Myeloma Prognosis (ISS)MASCC Febrile Neutropenia RiskAssess risk in febrile neutropenia and appropriateness for outpatient managementMDS Anemia - EPO/GCSF ResponseIdentify those with MDS likely to respond to stem-cell factors.MDS WHO Classification-based Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS)Estimate survival and risk of transformation to AML in myelodysplastic syndrome.MGUS PrognosisDetermine risk of malignant progression to myleoma or lymphoproliferative disorder.MIPI - Mantle Cell Lymphoma PrognosisEstimate prognosis in mantle cell lymphoma.DIPSS Prognosis in MyelofibrosisEstimate prognosis in myelofibrosis.Smoldering Multiple Myeloma PrognosisDetermine risk of progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma.Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Prognosis (IPI24)Determine prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Prognosis (NCCN-IPI)Estimate prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaDIPSS Plus Score for Prognosis in MyelofibrosisEstimate prognosis in myelofibrosis.Multiple Myeloma Prognosis (R-ISS)Revised international staging system for myelomaCLL-IPIThe International Prognostic Index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemiaExpected spleen size Provides upper limit of normal for spleen length and volume by ultrasound relative to body height and gender. MDS Revised - International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) Non-Age AdjustedAssess mortality and progression to acute myeloid leukemia in myelodysplastic syndrome using the non-age adjusted model
SponsoredCNS International Prognostic Index in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (CNS-IPI)Estimate risk of CNS relapse/progression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaMALT Lymphoma prognosis (MALT-IPI)Estimate prognosis in MALT lymphomaKhorana risk scoreEstimate risk of chemotherapy-associated thrombosisCLL BALL Score for Relapsed/Refractory CLLSokal Score for CMLEstimate survival in CMLEUTOS Score for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)Predict outcomes after CML treatment, adjusted for tyrosine kinase treatments CMML CPSS-MolEstimate risk of progression to AML in those with CMML using molecular genetics dataInternational Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenstrom MacroglobulinemiaEstimate prognosis with the IPPSWMPrognosis Calculator for Relapsed/Refractory DLBCLEstimate survival in relapsed/refractory DLBCLMDS Specific Frailty ScaleImprove prognostication with this frailty scale specific to those patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.ECOG ScoreAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancerKarnofsky Score / Performance StatusAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancer
Infectious Disease
MELD Score - Age above 12 yearsScoring system used to rank prioritize candidates for liver transplantation, including MELD-Na used in the OPTN match system
Antibiotics
Clostridium Difficile
Diagnostic Criteria
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever in Infants
Liver
Respiratory Tract Infection
Sepsis
Tuberculosis
Medical Administration
Medical Imaging
Mental Health
Addictions
Anxiety
Bipolar
Cognition
Depression
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D or HDRS)Determine severity of depressionModified SAD PERSONS ScaleAssess depression with the modified SAD PERSONS ScalePatient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)Screening tool to assist in identifying major depressive disorderGeriatric Depression ScaleA questionnaire to screen for depression in geriatric populationsPatient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2)Ultra-brief screening for depressive disordersAltman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM)5 question scale to screen and stage severity of hypomania/maniaYoung Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)11 question scale to grade the severity of maniaPatient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4)Ultra-Brief Screening for Anxiety and DepressionCAGE Questionnaire4 question screening for alcohol problemsEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)10 question screener for postpartum depressionBipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS)20 question screener for bipolar spectrum diagnosisWho Five Well Being Index (WHO-5)​5 questions to measure mental well-beingInformant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)16 question geriatric cognitive screenerMajor Depression Inventory (MDI)12 question depression severity scalePost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PCL-C)17 question self-report for Post Traumatic Stress DisorderBrief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)18 clinical questions to assess severity of consolidated symptoms Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2)Ultra-brief screening for anxiety disordersMood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)15 question self-report to screen for bipolar disorder
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Depression | CTFPHC
Eating Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Pediatrics
Post Traumatic Stress
Psychosis
Psychosomatic
Sexual Function
Treatment Side Effects
Nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury
APACHE IIEstimate mortality in the critically illContrast Nephropathy Post-PCIEstimate risk of AKI after percutaneous coronary interventionDialysis Risk After Cardiac Surgery (Cleveland Clinic Score by Thakar)Estimate risk of dialysis after cardiac surgery.Dialysis Risk After Cardiac Surgery (Mehta)Estimate the risk of dialysis after cardiac surgery (Mehta model)Fractional Excretion of SodiumDifferentiate pre-renal AKI from ATN.Fractional Excretion of UreaIdentify a pre-renal state in patients using diureticsSequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)Document clinical severity in the ICU and predict mortalityPediatric Renal Angina IndexPredict acute kidney injury in critically ill childrenSTARRT-AKI Enrollment CriteriaDetermine if patients meet criteria for the STARRT-AKI study.Kinetic eGFR (KeGFR)Estimate GFR when creatinine is changing acutely (either rising or falling)PIM2Paediatric Index of Mortality, revised versionSerious Renal Dysfunction Post-PCIAssess risk of dialysis or severe increase in creatinine after PCICRRT Dosing CalculatorCalculate desired dose of dialysate in CRRTNCDR AKI and Dialysis Risk after PCIEstimate risk of AKI and dialysis after PCIAdvanced CKD after AKI Risk IndexEstimate risk of advanced chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injuryMayo AKI Risk after Primary Total Hip ArthroplastyEstimate perioperative risk of acute kidney injuryNSAID risk of AKI or hyperkalemiaCalculator to predict risk of AKI or hyperkalemia within 30 days after initiation of prescription NSAIDs in adults 66 years and older.McMahon Rhabdomyolysis Risk ScorePredict the risk of severe acute kidney injury or mortality in patients with rhabdomyolysisElevated serum creatinine or hyperkalemia after ACEi/ARBEstimate risk of elevated serum creatinine or hyperkalemia after ACEi or ARB initiation KDIGO AKI StagingClassification in acute kidney injury (AKI)
REFERENCE BOOK
KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury
Sponsored
AKI Definition Prevention and Treatment of AKI Contrast-induced AKI Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Introduction and Methodology
Introduction
IntroductionGlomerular filtration rate and serum creatinineOliguria and anuriaAcute tubular necrosis (ATN)ARFRIFLE criteriaAKI: acute kidney injury/impairmentValidation studies using RIFLELimitations to current definitions for AKIRationale for a guideline on AKISummary
Methodology
IntroductionGroup member selection and meeting processEvidence selection, appraisal, and presentationOutcome selection judgments, values, and preferencesGrading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendationsSPONSORSHIPDISCLAIMERSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
AKI Definition
Definition and classification of AKI
IntroductionDefinition of AKIStaging AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary materialRisk assessmentIntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Evaluation and general management of patients with and at risk for AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch recommendationsSupplementary material
Clinical applications
IntroductionExamples of application of AKI definitionsEstimating baseline SCrExamples of application of AKI stagesUrine output vs. SCrTimeframe for diagnosis and stagingClinical judgmentPseudo-AKIAtypical AKISupplementary material
Diagnostic approach to alterations in kidney function and structure
Definitions of AKI, CKD and AKDGFR and SCrGFR/SCr algorithmOliguria as a measure of kidney functionKidney damageSmall kidneys as a marker of kidney damageIntegrated approach to AKI, AKD, and CKDSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Prevention and Treatment of AKI
Hemodynamic monitoring and support for prevention and management of AKI
IntroductionFluids: Recommendations and RationaleAlbumin vs. SalineHydroxyethylstarch vs. SalineVasopressors: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized Hemodynamic Management: Recommendations and RationaleProtocolized hemodynamic management strategies in septic shockGoal-directed therapy for hemodynamic support during the perioperative period in high-risk surgical patientsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
General supportive management of patients with AKI, including management of complications
Overview
Glycemic control and nutritional support
Glycemic control in critical illness: Recommendations and RationaleNutritional aspects in the prevention and treatment of critically ill patients with AKITotal Energy Intake: Recommendations and RationaleProtein Intake: Recommendations and RationaleNutrition route: Recommendations and RationalePediatrics ConsiderationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
The use of diuretics in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleMannitolResearch Recommendations
Vasodilator therapy: dopamine, fenoldopam, and natriuretic peptides
Dopamine for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsNatriuretic peptides for the prevention or treatment of AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Growth factor intervention
Recombinant Human (rh) IGF-1: Recommendations and RationaleErythropoietinResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Adenosine receptor antagonists
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Prevention of aminoglycoside- and amphotericin-related AKI
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityTreatment of Infections: Recommendations and RationalePatients with Normal Kidney Function in Steady State: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Multiple Daily Dosing is Used for More than 24 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleWhen Treatment with Single-Daily Dosing is Used for More than 48 Hours: Recommendations and RationaleTopical or Local Applications of Aminoglycosides: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsAmphotericin B nephrotoxicity: Recommendations and RationaleTreatment of Systemic Mycoses or Parasitic Infections: Recommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Other methods of prevention of AKI in the critically ill
On-pump vs. off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsN-ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC): Recommendations and RationaleNAC in critically ill patients: Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary Material
Contrast-induced AKI
Contrast-induced AKI: definition, epidemiology, and prognosis
BackgroundRecommendations and RationaleEpidemiology of CI-AKIPrognosis of CI-AKIResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Assessment of the population at risk for CI-AKI
Recommendations and RationaleRisk-factor questionnaireUrinary protein screeningOther risk factors of CI-AKIRisk models of CI-AKIPatients at Increased Risk for CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleNephrotoxicity of Gd chelatesNephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)Supplementary Material
Nonpharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
IntroductionDose/Volume of Contrast-Media Administration: Recommendations and RationaleRoute of administration of contrast mediaResearch RecommendationsSelection of a Contrast Agent: Recommendations and RationaleHigh-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast mediaLow-osmolar vs. iso-osmolar contrast mediai.a. Iodixanol vs. ioxaglatei.v. AdministrationResearch RecommendationsSupplementary Material
Pharmacological prevention strategies of CI-AKI
Fluid Administration: Recommendations and RationaleUse of oral fluids alone in patients at increased risk of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleRole of nac in the prevention of CI-AKI: Recommendations and RationaleTheophylline: Recommendations and RationaleFenoldopam: Recommendations and RationaleStatins in the prevention of CI-AKISupplementary Material
Effects of hemodialysis or hemofiltration
Recommendations and RationaleSponsorshipDisclaimerSupplementary material
Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
Timing of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Criteria for stopping renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionWhen to discontinue RRT: Recommendations and RationaleUse of diuretics: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch Recommendations
Anticoagulation
IntroductionHow to decide to use anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients without an increased bleeding risk or impaired coagulation and not already receiving effective systemic anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationalePatients with increased bleeding risk who are not receiving anticoagulation: Recommendations and RationaleIn patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Vascular access for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionUncuffed nontunneled dialysis catheter vs a tunneled catheter: Recommendations and RationaleWhen choosing a vein for insertion of a dialysis catheter in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleUsing ultrasound guidance for dialysis catheter insertion: Recommendations and RationaleObtaining a chest radiograph promptly after placement and before first use of an internal jugular or subclavian dialysis catheter: Recommendations and RationaleTopical antibiotics: Recommendations and RationaleAntibiotic locks: Recommendations and RationalePediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dialyzer membranes for renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionRecommendations and RationaleResearch Recommendations
Modality of renal replacement therapy for patients with AKI
IntroductionComplementary therapies in AKI patients: Recommendations and RationaleHemodynamically unstable patients: Recommendations and RationaleAKI patients with acute brain injury or other causes of increased intracranial pressure or generalized brain edema: Recommendations and RationaleProtocols for decreasing hemodynamic instability with intermittent RRTPeritoneal dialysisPediatric considerationsResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Buffer solutions for renal replacement therapy in patients with AKI
IntroductionBuffer solution: Recommendations and RationaleDialysis fluids and replacement fluids in patients with AKI: Recommendations and RationaleResearch RecommendationsSupplementary material
Dose of renal replacement therapy in AKI
IntroductionDosing: Recommendations and RationaleKt/V and Effluent Volume Rates: Recommendations and RationaleAdditional considerationsResearch RecommendationsSponsorshipDislcaimerSupplementary material
Organization and Acknowledgements
NoticeWork Group MembershipKDIGO Board MembersReference KeysAbbreviations and AcronymsAbstractForewordBiographic and Disclosure InformationAcknowledgmentsReferences
Chronic Kidney Disease
Fluids & Electrolytes
Glomerulonephritis
Hemodialysis
Hypertension
Lupus Nephritis
Nephrolithiasis
PD
PD Candidacy (MATCH-D)Assess candidacy for peritoneal dialysis3-Month Mortality in Incident Elderly ESRD PatientsEstimate the risk of early death (at 3 months) in elderly patients starting dialysis.Predicting 3 Year Survival for Incident Elderly ESRD PatientsDetermine appropriateness for transplant referral in elderly patients starting dialysisPredicting 3 Year Survival for Incident Elderly ESRD PatientsDetermine appropriateness for transplant referral in elderly patients starting dialysis
REFERENCE BOOK
PD Prescription Management Guide
Sponsored
REFERENCE BOOK
Access Care and Complications Management
Sponsored
OverviewDisclaimer & Use of the Guide
Catheter Insertion and Care
Preoperative Management
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes Evaluation
Perioperative and Intraoperative Management
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes Evaluation
Postoperative Management
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes Evaluation
Chronic Care of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Noninfectious Complications
Pericatheter and Subcutaneous Leaks
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationManagementReferences
Peritoneal Catheter Obstruction
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Hernia
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Abdominal Discomfort During Infusion and Drain
Key AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Pneumoperitoneum (Shoulder Pain)
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Hemoperitoneum
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Hydrothorax
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Catheter Adapter Disconnect or Fracture of Peritoneal Catheter
Key AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Infectious Complications: Peritonitis Management
Initial Empiric Management of Peritonitis
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationInitial Empiric Management of PeritonitisStaphyloccocus aureus PeritonitisEnterococcus PeritonitisStreptococcus PeritonitisPseudomonas aeruginosa PeritonitisGram-negative Bacilli Organism PeritonitisPolymicrobial PeritonitisCulture-negative PeritonitisFungal PeritonitisMycobacterium PeritonitisPeritonitis TerminologyCoagulase-negative StaphylococciRelapsing and Repeat PeritonitisReferencesDisclaimer
Infectious Complications: Management of the Exit-site/Tunnel Infection
Introduction
IntroductionKey AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationDiagnosis and Management of Exit-site/Tunnel InfectionReferencesDisclaimer
Antibiotic Dosing Guidelines
Oral Antibiotics Used in Exit-site and Tunnel InfectionsExit-site Antibiotic ProphylaxisIntraperitoneal Antibiotic Dosing Recommendations for CAPD PatientsIntermittent Dosing of Antibiotics in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)References
Surgical Salvage Procedures for Infectious Complications
Simultaneous Catheter Replacement for Relapsing Peritonitis
Key AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes Evaluation
Exit-Site and Tunnel Infections
Key AssessmentsKey ActivitiesPatient EducationOutcomes EvaluationReferences
Appendix
Preoperative and Postoperative PD Catheter Insertion Instructions for PatientsPeritoneal ImagingPrinciples of Accurate Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent Sampling and CulturingPeritoneal Effluent Culture Laboratory ProcessingPeritonitis Rate CalculationsDifferential Diagnosis of Non-infectious Cloudy EffluentProviding for a Safe Environment for Peritoneal DialysisNormal Bacterial Flora of the Human Body
Preoperative Mapping
IntroductionPreoperative Mapping Using a Catheter SampleStencil-Based Preoperative MappingPreoperative Mapping for Upper Abdominal and Presternal CathetersProcedure Day MappingReferencesCalculating Peritonitis Rates: An ExampleAuthor AffiliationsAccess Care and Complications Management   link ⇲
REFERENCE BOOK
PD Prescription Quick Reference Guide
Sponsored
Pathology
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Transplant
eGFR
Neurology / Neurosurgery
Arteriovenous Malformation
Coma/Level of Consciousness
Dementia/Neurodegenerative
Dermatome Map
Functional Outcome
Head & Neck Trauma
Headache
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Ischemic Stroke
Movement Disorder
Multiple Sclerosis & Demyelinating Disease
Neuromuscular Diseases
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Neurophysiology
Seizure
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Oncology
Body Surface Area, BMI and Lean Body Weight
Breast Cancer
Genitourinary Cancers
Head & Neck Cancer Staging
Malignant Hematology
CMML Prognostic Scoring Systems (from Spain and Dusseldorf)Assess risk of progression to AML and early mortality in CMMLDiffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Prognosis (R-IPI)Determine prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaFollicular Lymphoma prognosisDetermine prognosis in follicular lymphoma (FLIPI)Acute GVHD GradingDetermine severity in acute graft versus host disease.Hodgkin's Disease | PrognosisEstimate prognosis in Hodgkin's disease.Hematopoietic cell transplantation - specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI)MDS Revised - International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R)Assess mortality and progression to acute myeloid leukemia in myelodysplastic syndromeHodgkin's Marrow InvolvementEstimate likelihood of bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin's lymphoma.MDS International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS)Determine prognosis in myelodysplastic sydnromeMultiple Myeloma Prognosis (ISS)MASCC Febrile Neutropenia RiskAssess risk in febrile neutropenia and appropriateness for outpatient managementMDS Anemia - EPO/GCSF ResponseIdentify those with MDS likely to respond to stem-cell factors.MDS WHO Classification-based Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS)Estimate survival and risk of transformation to AML in myelodysplastic syndrome.MGUS PrognosisDetermine risk of malignant progression to myleoma or lymphoproliferative disorder.MIPI - Mantle Cell Lymphoma PrognosisEstimate prognosis in mantle cell lymphoma.DIPSS Prognosis in MyelofibrosisEstimate prognosis in myelofibrosis.Smoldering Multiple Myeloma PrognosisDetermine risk of progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma.Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Prognosis (IPI24)Determine prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Prognosis (NCCN-IPI)Estimate prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaDIPSS Plus Score for Prognosis in MyelofibrosisEstimate prognosis in myelofibrosis.Multiple Myeloma Prognosis (R-ISS)Revised international staging system for myelomaCLL-IPIThe International Prognostic Index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemiaMDS Revised - International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) Non-Age AdjustedAssess mortality and progression to acute myeloid leukemia in myelodysplastic syndrome using the non-age adjusted model
SponsoredCNS International Prognostic Index in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (CNS-IPI)Estimate risk of CNS relapse/progression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaMALT Lymphoma prognosis (MALT-IPI)Estimate prognosis in MALT lymphomaKhorana risk scoreEstimate risk of chemotherapy-associated thrombosisCLL BALL Score for Relapsed/Refractory CLLSokal Score for CMLEstimate survival in CMLEUTOS Score for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)Predict outcomes after CML treatment, adjusted for tyrosine kinase treatments CMML CPSS-MolEstimate risk of progression to AML in those with CMML using molecular genetics dataInternational Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenstrom MacroglobulinemiaEstimate prognosis with the IPPSWMAbsolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)Determine ANC to assess risk of opportunistic infectionKarnofsky Score / Performance StatusAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancerECOG ScoreAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancer
Solid Tumor
Carboplatin AUC Dosing (Calvert)Brain Metastases Prognostic IndexEstimate prognosis in patients with brain metastases using the graded prognostic assessmentSerious Illness Conversation GuideSteps to elicit important information from your patients about their goals and valuesKhorana risk scoreEstimate risk of chemotherapy-associated thrombosisLung Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer TNM Staging (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017HPV-Mediated (p16+) Oropharyngeal Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017HPV-Mediated (p16+) Oropharyngeal Cancer (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)Determine ANC to assess risk of opportunistic infectionColorectal CancerTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Gastric Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Cerivcal Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Hepatocellular Carcinoma TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)TNM Staging | AJCC 2017Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers (Adenocarcinoma)TNM Staging | AJCC 2017ECOG ScoreAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancerKarnofsky Score / Performance StatusAssess quality of life and degree of well-being in patients with cancerLansky scorePerformance score in pediatric patients with cancer
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Breast Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Colorectal Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Lung Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Prostate Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Cervical Cancer | CTFPHC
Orthopedics
Otolaryngology (ENT)
General Otolaryngology
Head & Neck Cancer Staging
Mucosal MelanomaLip and Oral Cavity Cancer (Clinical) TNM StagingcTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer TNM Staging (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Major Salivary Gland Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Major Salivary Gland Cancer TNM Staging (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Nasopharyngeal Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017HPV-Mediated (p16+) Oropharyngeal Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017HPV-Mediated (p16+) Oropharyngeal Cancer (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Maxillary Sinus Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Maxillary Sinus Cancer (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Nasal Cavity and Ethmoid Sinus Cancer (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Nasal Cavity and Ethmoid Sinus Cancer (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Supraglottis (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Supraglottis (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Oropharyngeal (p16-) Cancer TNM Staging (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Oropharyngeal (p16-) Cancer TNM Staging (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Glottis (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Glottis (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Subglottis (Clinical)cTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Laryngeal Cancer: Subglottis (Pathological)pTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Differentiated Thyroid Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017Medullary Thyroid Cancer TNM StagingTNM Staging | AJCC 2017
Pathology & Lab Medicine
Pediatrics
PELD Score - Age Younger Than 12 yearsPELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) is used for liver allocation in the OPTN match system
General Pediatrics
PELD Score - Age Younger Than 12 yearsPELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) is used for liver allocation in the OPTN match systemSchwartz Pediatric Bedside eGFR (2009)The revised "bedside" pediatric eGFR requires only serum creatinine and height.Schwartz Pediatric eGFR, Full Model (2009)The full Schwartz pediatric eGFR calculation requires height, serum creatinine, cystatin C, blood urea nitrogen and gender.Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble (CRAFFT 2.1)9 question screener for substance use in adolescentsPRAM Score for Pediatric Asthma Exacerbation SeverityAssess asthma severity in pediatric patientsPEN-FAST - Penicillin Allergy Risk ToolClinical decision rule for point-of-care risk assessment of patient-reported penicillin allergies.Alberta Croup SeverityLansky scorePerformance score in pediatric patients with cancer
REFERENCE BOOK
Tobacco Smoking in Children and Adolescents | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Developmental Delay | CTFPHCReview Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care guideline on screening for developmental delay
REFERENCE BOOK
Obesity in Children | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH): A Clinical Practice Guideline
Growth
Infectious Disease
Mental Health
Trauma/Critical Care
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Physiotherapy
Preventive Medicine
ACC/AHA CV Risk Calculator (2013)Estimate 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseAdverse Childhood Experience (ACE)10 question screener for numerous health, social, and behavioral problems.
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Breast Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Cervical Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Hypertension | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Tobacco Smoking in Children and Adolescents | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Colorectal Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Cognitive Impairment | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Depression | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Developmental Delay | CTFPHCReview Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care guideline on screening for developmental delay
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Lung Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Obesity in Adults | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Obesity in Children | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Pelvic Exam | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Prostate Cancer | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Hepatitis C | CTFPHCReview Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care guideline on Hepatitis C screening
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Impaired Vision | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnancy | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening Adults for Asymptomatic Thyroid Dysfunction in Primary Care | CTFPHC
REFERENCE BOOK
Screening for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Chronic Rastroesophageal Reflux Disease | CTFPHC
Respirology
Asthma & COPD
DVT/PE
General Respirology
Lung Cancer
Pneumonia
Sleep
Rheumatology
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Diagnostic criteria
Lupus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vasculitis
Surgery
Breast Cancer
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Preoperative Assessment
Surgical Diagnosis & Management
Trauma
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
Transplant
Alcohol Relapse Risk after Liver TransplantGupta Perioperative Cardiac RiskDetermine peri-operative risk for a wide array of surgeries.MELD Score - Age above 12 yearsScoring system used to rank prioritize candidates for liver transplantation, including MELD-Na used in the OPTN match systemPELD Score - Age Younger Than 12 yearsPELD (Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease) is used for liver allocation in the OPTN match systemPostoperative Respiratory Failure Risk CalculatorEstimate risk of postoperative respiratory failurePredicting 3 Year Survival for Incident Elderly ESRD PatientsDetermine appropriateness for transplant referral in elderly patients starting dialysisRenal Graft Failure at 5-Years, Predicted 1 Year Post TransplantEstimate the risk of kidney transplant graft failure at 5 yearsRenal Graft Failure at 5-Years, Predicted 7 Days Post TransplantEstimate the risk of kidney transplant graft failure at 5 yearsRenal Graft Failure at 5-Years, Predicted at Time of TransplantEstimate the risk of kidney transplant graft failure at 5 years
Cardiac
Liver
Preoperative Assessment
Renal
Urology
Genitourinary Cancers
Nephrolithiasis
Preoperative Assessment
Sexual Function
Thrombosis
Urologic disease
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
Vascular Surgery
Preoperative Assessment
Surgical diagnosis & management
Vascular Quality Initiative Tools
Asymptomatic ICA (Internal Carotid Artery) Stenosis Surgical Risk StratificationVSGNE Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (RAAA) Risk ScoreEstimate mortality after open repair of ruptured AAAVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Carotid EndarterectomyEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | EVAREstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after EVARVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Infra-inguinal BypassEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after infra-inguinal bypassVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Open AAA RepairEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after open AAA repairVQI: Respiratory Adverse Event Risk Post Vascular SurgeryEstimate the risk of pneumonia or respiratory failure after vascular surgeryVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) 30-Day Stroke Risk Index for CEAEstimate risk of stroke within 30 days after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) 1-Year Mortality Risk Index for CEAEstimate probability of death within 1 year after carotid endarterectomyVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Cardiac Risk Index (CRI) | Suprainguinal BypassEstimate risk of post-op myocardial infarction after suprainguinal bypassVascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Postoperative Mortality Rate After Elective AAAEstimate risk of mortality after elective AAA repairVQI Infrainguinal revascularization (open or PVI) for CLTI: 30 day and 2 year survivalThe Vascular Quality Initiative Prediction Model for survival after infrainguinal revascularization
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist

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REFERENCE BOOK
Reference book

Access Care and Complications Management
References

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